Sounds like a cosmetic thing going on here. 'Damascus' on the outside and stainless steel for the actual knife edge? :/
The worst set up posible from my point of veiw, which is 'very narrow and asinine' -Mom
I don't know how many layers do what but since the damascus in this situation is cosmetic it's what appeals to the buyer in terms of looks. :/
Vanadium is an expensive metal alloy that could improve just about every steel if it could be afforded to do so, (market place) good thing it doesn't take much to make a big improvement!
Cobalt, same thing, only makes an improvment in a whole different way, takes more to do that tho.
Molybdenum is a cheaper alloying agent than some others that do the same thing, but in stainless steel it's there mostly to help the chromium make the steel more rust resistant, along with nickel -or- silicon.
Are you looking for a stainless knife? Are you looking for a true 'damascus' knife?
I prefer the low alloy rustable steels myself for edge holding.
Carbon is the one alloy that iron needs to make a good knife, the other alloys can improve it if added in the right amounts, the problem with stainless is they added in the amounts to make it corrosion resistant and ignored the amounts optimum for edge holding.
But that's just me.
Alvin in AZ